Guide on How to Develop a Small Hydropower Plant (PDF)

by : European Small Hydropower Association - ESHA
Date : 2004 / Pages : 296 / PDF Format

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This Guide is an updated and adapted version of the publication “Layman’s Guidebook on How to Develop a Small Hydro Site”, published by ESHA - the European Small Hydropower Association – in 1998 in the frame of the European Commission DG-TREN (Directorate General for Transport and Energy) ALTENER programme.
Although based on the original, this guide has been entirely updated and adapted due to significant changes in the sector in the latest years as concern environmental and administrative aspects in particular. The updated version is available in English, French, German and Swedish what has added value to the already existing Spanish and Italian versions of the original publication.



EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Developing a small hydropower site is not a simple task. There are many aspects which have to be taken into consideration, covering many disciplines ranging from business, engineering, financial, legal and administration. These will all be necessary at the different development stages from, first choosing a site until the plant goes into operation.
The “Laymans Guide” guide brings together all of these aspects in a step-by-step approach, and will serve as a useful tool for a potential developer of a small hydropower scheme.
This guide is divided into nine chapters and covers the basic concepts, meaning of definitions and technological issues to be addressed.

Chapter 1
Introduces basic concepts, such as the definition of small hydropower, types of schemes, ways of exploiting the water resource available and gives a general overview of the guide’s contents,

Chapters 2 through to 9
describe the essential steps to be followed to evaluate a proposed scheme before deciding whether to proceed to a detailed feasibility study.

The basic concepts considered in the guide are:

• Topography and geomorphology of the site.
• Evaluation of the water resource and its generating potential.
• Site selection and basic layout.
• Hydraulic turbines and generators and their control.
• Environmental impact assessment and mitigation measures.
• Economic evaluation of the project and financing potential.
• Institutional framework and administrative procedures to obtain the necessary consents

Source : www.esha.be
Download : Part-1 | Part-2

Google Search Engine Optimization (SEO)

Foreword

SEO is an acronym for "search engine optimization" or "search engine optimizer".
Keep in mind that the Google search results page includes organic search results and often paid advertisement (denoted by the heading "Sponsored Links") as well. Advertising with Google won't have any effect on your site's presence in our search results. Google never accepts money to include or rank sites in our search results, and it costs nothing to appear in their organic search results.
Search engine optimization is often about making small modifications to parts of your website. When viewed individually, these changes might seem like incremental improvements, but when combined with other optimizations, they could have a noticeable impact on your site's user experience and performance in organic search results. In other word, search engine optimization (seo) is about putting your site's best foot forward when it comes to visibility in search engines.

Description

Google's Search Engine Optimization Starter Guide is an effort to help teams within Google, but thought it'd be just as useful to webmasters that are new to the topic of search engine optimization and wish to improve their sites' interaction with both users and search engines. Although this guide won't tell you any secrets that'll automatically rank your site first for queries in Google, following the best practices outlined below will make it easier for search engines to both crawl and index your content.

Content

• Create unique, accurate page titles
• Make use of the "description" meta tag
• Improve the structure of your URLs
• Make your site easier to navigate
• Offer quality content and services
• Write better anchor text
• Use heading tags appropriately
• Optimize your use of images
• Make effective use of robots.txt
• Promote your website in the right ways
• Make use of free webmaster tools
• Take advantage of web analytics services

Source
Google Webmaster Central

Download PDF
Google's Search Engine Optimization Starter Guide, Version 1.1, 13 Nov 2008, latest version at Google Webmaster Central

DOE - ENGINEERING SYMBOLOGY, PRINTS AND DRAWINGS (PDF)

DOE - ENGINEERING SYMBOLOGY, PRINTS AND DRAWINGS
DOE FUNDAMENTALS HANDBOOK
Author :
U.S. Department of Energy
Date : January 1993 / Type : PDF / Pages : 216



FOREWORD

The Department of Energy (DOE) Fundamentals Handbooks consist of ten academic subjects, which include Mathematics; Classical Physics; Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and Fluid Flow; Instrumentation and Control; Electrical Science; Material Science; Mechanical Science; Chemistry; Engineering Symbology, Prints, and Drawings; and Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory.

ABSTRACT

The Engineering Symbology, Prints, and Drawings Handbook was developed to assist nuclear facility operating contractors in providing operators, maintenance personnel, and technical staff with the necessary fundamentals training to ensure a basic understanding of engineering prints, their use, and their function. The handbook includes information on engineering fluid drawings and prints; piping and instrument drawings; major symbols and conventions; electronic diagrams and schematics; logic circuits and diagrams; and fabrication, construction, and architectural drawings. This information will provide personnel with a foundation for reading, interpreting, and using the engineering prints and drawings that are associated with various DOE nuclear facility operations and maintenance.

Download : Volume-1 + Volume-2

DOE - ELECTRICAL SCIENCE (PDF)

DOE - ELECTRICAL SCIENCE
DOE FUNDAMENTALS HANDBOOK
Author:
U.S. Department of Energy
June 1992 / Type : PDF / Pages : 552 (total)



FOREWORD

The Department of Energy (DOE) Fundamentals Handbooks consist of ten academic subjects, which include Mathematics; Classical Physics; Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and Fluid Flow; Instrumentation and Control; Electrical Science; Material Science; Mechanical Science; Chemistry; Engineering Symbology, Prints, and Drawings; and Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory.

ABSTRACT

The Electrical Science Fundamentals Handbook was developed to assist nuclear facility operating contractors provide operators, maintenance personnel, and the technical staff with the necessary fundamentals training to ensure a basic understanding of electrical theory, terminology, and application. The handbook includes information on alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) theory, circuits, motors, and generators; AC power and reactive components; batteries; AC and DC voltage regulators; transformers; and electrical test instruments and measuring devices. This information will provide personnel with a foundation for understanding the basic operation of various types of DOE nuclear facility electrical equipment.

• Volume 1 : Basic Electrical Theory, Basic DC Theory
• Volume 2 : DC Circuits, Batteries, DC Generators, DC Motors
• Volume 3 : Basic AC Theory, AC Reactive Components, AC Power, AC Generators, Voltage Regulators
• Volume 4 : AC Motors, Transformers, Test Instruments and Measuring Devices, Electrical Distribution Systems

Download: Volume-1 - Volume-2 - Volume-3 - Volume-4

DOE - ELECTRICAL SAFETY (PDF)

DOE - ELECTRICAL SAFETY
DOE FUNDAMENTALS HANDBOOK
Author :
U.S. Department of Energy
January 1998 / Type : PDF / Pages : 324



PURPOSE

Electrical Safety Handbook presents the Department of Energy (DOE) safety standards for DOE field offices or facilities involved in the use of electrical energy. It has been prepared to provide a uniform set of electrical safety guidance and information for DOE installations to effect a reduction or elimination of risks associated with the use of electrical energy. The objectives of this handbook are to enhance electrical safety awareness and mitigate electrical hazards to employees, the public, and the environment.

SCOPE

This handbook provides general information to enhance understanding of DOE Orders, national codes, national standards, local, state, and federal regulations. This handbook shall not supersede more stringent requirements in those applicable codes, standards, and regulations.

Download (please check again later for download link)

DOE - CLASSICAL PHYSICS (PDF)

DOE - CLASSICAL PHYSICS
FUNDAMENTALS HANDBOOK
Author :
U.S. Department of Energy
June 1992/Pages-142/PDF



FOREWORD

The Department of Energy (DOE) Fundamentals Handbooks consist of ten academic subjects, which include Mathematics; Classical Physics; Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and Fluid Flow; Instrumentation and Control; Electrical Science; Material Science; Mechanical Science; Chemistry; Engineering Symbology, Prints, and Drawings; and Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory.

ABSTRACT

The Classical Physics Fundamentals Handbook was developed to assist nuclear facility operating contractors provide operators, maintenance personnel, and the technical staff with the necessary fundamentals training to ensure a basic understanding of physical forces and their properties. The handbook includes information on the units used to measure physical properties; vectors, and how they are used to show the net effect of various forces; Newton's Laws of motion, and how to use these laws in force and motion applications; and the concepts of energy, work, and power, and how to measure and calculate the energy involved in various applications. This information will provide personnel with a foundation for understanding the basic operation of various types of DOE nuclear facility systems and equipment.

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